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我的YOMO
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YOMO公佈欄
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本日寵物星
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寵物走失公告
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狗;西伯利亞哈士奇
走失地點:
台北縣土城市
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狗;約克夏梗犬
走失地點:
花蓮縣花蓮市中原路321號
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共 42 筆 |
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2009/07/23 10:52:00
service( YOMO小幫手 )
想讓自己的寵物誌更具特色？版型視覺更為可愛？
我們新增了十種全新的刊頭設計，大家可以嘗試更換不同的風格試試看喲！
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2009/07/21 15:42:00
news( YOMO新聞台 )
台北市流浪動物之家的志工，日前趁世貿在舉辦寵物展時，前往現場宣傳寵物認養的理念，還拿出「買動物是笨蛋」的海報，結果引起現場寵物店業者的不滿，雙方先爆發口角，之後還發生嚴重的肢體衝突，一名志工遭到狗攤商毆打，雙方最後達成和解。
根據媒體報導，流浪動物之家的志工拿著「認養做好事不用錢，買動物的是笨蛋」的標語，前往台北世貿寵物展，沒想到卻惹禍上身。根據被打志工表示，狗攤商先是前來向他叫囂，之後就捉著他的衣領到一旁毆打他。
遭毆志工表示，他們只是希望宣導認養代替買賣，不要讓商人騙了消費者的錢。該名志工也將遭遇PO上網，獲得網友認同。不過也有網友認為，到別人做生意的地方嗆聲，是不長眼活該被打。
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2009/07/20 13:52:00
service( YOMO小幫手 )
不好意思讓大家久等了！由於適逢寵物展期間，包括廠商等等都異常忙碌，讓各位久等真是不好意思呀！
但是小幫手說到一定做到啦！以下就是這次熱烈的『YOMOpets寵物主播挑戰賽』網路票選活動投票奬名單：
★投票者抽獎：
一、特獎：飼料一年份：meio0xxx@hotmail.com 鄭美娥
二、一獎：益瑞系列商品／可攜寵物住宿卷乙張：lc20030xxx@gmail.com 高于婷
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h8xxx@so-net.net.tw 簡志桐
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papa4xxx@gmail.com 劉耀誠
uanchenhsxxx@hotmail.com蕭婉珍
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hannahjayxxx@hotmail.com王美寶
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以上獲獎者將於2009/07/21日發送專函通知，並請迅速回覆獎品寄送地址，如於2009/07/31日前未有回覆者則視同棄權，不再另行通知。
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2009/07/14 17:37:00
news( YOMO新聞台 )
室內拍寵物
在室內拍照，最先要考量的便是光線問題，方法一就是盡可能靠窗邊，以獲得戶外的自然光；再不然就是藉由天花板燈、檯燈製造光源；當利用室內燈做補光來源時，要注意調整白平衡(WB)的選項，同時調高ISO值。
怎麼來構圖
背景單純的構圖，更能凸顯寵物成為聚焦點!!一般家裡要找到乾淨的空間不太容易，因此選擇白牆做背景為方法之一；透過不同的拍攝角度，能帶來驚喜的畫面，比方上、下拍、直拍、趴著拍。
利用微距模式來變化
所謂的微距模式，就是數位相機的「花、山」圖樣，利用局部清楚的畫面，增加活潑性，比方將焦點對在寵物的鼻子上，調整微距模式為「花」，出來的畫面便是寵物的鼻子特別清楚，其他模糊，在意境上會有不同的感覺，也是一種突破；此外，使用連拍功能，可以捕捉到寵物正在活動的畫面。
寵物可以乖乖看鏡頭
有豐富寵物拍照經驗的徐靖說，目前飼主以養狗、貓占絕大多數，為了讓狗兒做出你想要的畫面，可以零食引誘或是發聲引起注意；至於貓，除了以毛球逗牠玩外，貓一聞到貓草，十之八九會想靠近嘗，效果很好，值得一試。
大頭狗、貓不難拍
先安撫狗、貓坐在地上，再使用超廣角的鏡頭，由上往下拍，愈是廣角，效果愈出眾
注意寵物瞳孔的變化
以寵物來說，貓、狗眼睛在拍照時最需要注意!!貓的眼睛容易因為瞳孔放大、縮小，給人不一樣的感覺；當貓眼遇到強光或是閃光燈時，瞳孔會變細，感覺較賊；反之，弱光時瞳孔為圓球形，較為卡哇伊。
為了拍出貓眼圓球形的瞳孔，最好在光線充足的地方，如果是在室內，不妨只留一盞強燈，而且宜關閉閃光燈來拍射；狗眼會出現反光問題，也是因為閃光燈的關係，要避免的不二法門，就是盡可能在光線充足的地方來拍照。
拍大型犬，對焦在眼睛
要拍大型犬，先於狗眼對焦，再輕按至想要的構圖畫面，最後按下快門，才能拍出全身都清楚的狗照片。
人與寵物的畫面最有感覺
單純寵物的畫面雖然可愛，可是多了人在裡頭，除了人氣外，更有加分的效果，特別是飼主與寵物的合照，親密、互動的關係，表露無遺；值得注意的是，如果要清楚拍出人與寵物的畫面，最好人與寵物在同一橫線上，一前一後較不好掌握清晰度。
何時何地都可以拍照
數位相機越做越迷你輕盈，人手一機並不足奇，建議飼主可以隨身攜帶，不用刻意預設立場，想到什麼就拍什麼，用相機紀錄寵物的生活，也挺不錯的。
擅於突破格局，來拍寵物
人往往會被既定的框框給限制住，有時背道而馳，更見驚喜!!比方在陽光下使用白平衡的日光選項；在滿是日光燈的室內選白平衡的燈泡選項，會有出人意表的照片出現。
資料提供：寵物雜貨店
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2009/07/12 19:20:00
helicopter( 油雞 )
據英國媒體報導，二角塵蜘(Cyclosamulmeinensis)會按照自己的樣子製成一個實物大小的模型，用來轉移天敵的注意力。科學家認為，蜘蛛可能是第一種會根據自己的外形製成實物大小的複製品，用來欺騙捕獵者的動物。這項研究結果發表在《動物行為》雜誌上。
這種節肢動物的行為還解釋了為什麼很多蜘蛛喜歡用外形奇特的裝飾品裝點它們的蛛網。很多動物通過偽裝成捕獵者的天敵，來轉移捕獵者的注意力。一些動物通過保護色使自己跟周圍背景協調一致，避免被捕獵者發現，例如白樺尺蛾pepperedmoth)進化出像樹皮一樣的五顏六色的翅膀，竹節蟲通過擬態，看起來像一根樹枝。
其他一些動物則進化出更加顯著的裝飾物，用來轉移捕食者的注意力。例如長著大大的眼狀斑紋的蝴蝶或者快速移動彩色尾巴的蜥蜴，如果蜥蜴的尾巴被捕食者捉住，它就會讓尾巴與身體斷開。後者的偽裝策略一直讓生物學家感到非常迷惑，因為吸引捕食者的注意並不算是個好主意。關於這種情況的一種假設認為，長著非常明顯的裝飾物的動物能從中受益，因為這些裝飾品可吸引捕食者攻擊它們的非要害部位，例如蜥蜴的尾巴。
遇到攻擊
臺灣台中東海大學的生物學家曾玲(LingTseng)和卓逸民(I-MinTso)發現，動物一般不會按照自己的樣子製成一個實物大小的複製品，作為誘餌，轉移捕食者的注意力。然而被稱作二角塵蜘(Cyclosamulmeinensis)的一種蜘蛛能做到這些。相同種類的蜘蛛用碎石、植物碎片、獵物的殘骸或者卵囊裝飾蛛網。因為這些碎石的顏色經常跟蜘蛛的顏色類似，因此研究人員猜測蜘蛛正是利用這些東西進行偽裝。
最初曾玲和卓逸民決定通過給另一種生活在野外，被稱作熱帶塵蛛(Cyclosaconfusa)的相關蜘蛛品種錄影，來研究它們的偽裝行為。他們把用碎石裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛與沒裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛受到的大黃蜂襲擊的次數進行對比。卓逸民說：「據我們推測，用獵物殘體裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛，遭到大黃蜂襲擊的次數相對更少，因為蜘蛛很擅長利用這種物體進行偽裝。然而結果令我們倍感意外，我們發現那些裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛比其他不裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛遭到黃蜂襲擊的次數更多。」這證明裝飾物吸引了捕食者的注意，並非起到偽裝的效果。然而據曾玲和卓逸民猜測，這些裝飾物可能轉移了捕食者的注意力，使蜘蛛有足夠時間逃命。
食物大小的模型
為了證實這一猜測，他們用生活在遠離臺灣東南海岸的蘭嶼島上的二角塵蜘進行試驗。這種蜘蛛用昆蟲殘體和卵囊兩種東西裝飾蛛網。然而令人感到吃驚的是，它們會把捕獵球(preypellet)和卵囊製成跟自己的體型一樣大。這些研究人員還發現，對大黃蜂來說，這些東西顯然跟蜘蛛擁有相同的顏色，而且反射光線的方式一樣。蜘蛛把裝飾物製成跟自己大小一樣、外觀和形狀類似。
研究人員在《動物行為》雜誌上寫道：「我們的研究結果顯示，這種蜘蛛通過製作形狀、顏色跟自己一樣的模型，把蛛網突出出來，從而避免自己受到捕食者攻擊。」卓逸民說：「當蜘蛛和裝飾物同時出現在蛛網上時，捕食者眼中的它們看起來都是幾乎相同的橢圓形物體。我不知道還有沒有其他動物根據自己的體型製作模型。我們的實驗可能是第一項證明動物具有製作模型功能的研究。」
這種誘騙方法非常有效，黃蜂經常會把誘餌當作可口的美味進行攻擊，從而使蜘蛛趁機溜走。但是對那些沒裝飾蛛網的蜘蛛來說，黃蜂一旦發現它們，會直接對它們發動攻擊。卓逸民說：「熱帶塵蛛製作的裝飾物相當於一個反掠食裝置，而不是一個偽裝機制。成功逃脫被捕食的命運，似乎比增加被發現的可能性更加有價值。」
蛛網裝飾物
100多年來，科學家一直在努力回答很多種蜘蛛為什麼要裝飾蛛網的問題，卓逸民認為這個問題的答案並不是唯一的。他說：「我認為不同種類的蜘蛛，蛛網裝飾物的作用各不相同，而且它們裝飾蛛網的目的也各不相同。」
例如蜘蛛經常用絲質裝飾物裝飾它們的蛛網，這種做法或許能加固蛛網，對捕食者起到警示作用，並防止較大的動物偶然撞上蛛網，對它造成嚴重破壞，或者作為可視信號，吸引獵物。包括二角塵蜘在內的其他種類的蜘蛛，可能是把非絲裝飾物作為反對捕食者攻擊的裝置。
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2009/07/10 21:55:00
news( YOMO新聞台 )
這個月月初美國佛州一名2歲女童，被媽媽男友飼養的蟒蛇，活活捲死在自己的床上，再次引發佛州的蟒蛇爭議！其實佛州的蟒蛇，大多數是從緬甸而來，許多人喜歡飼養蟒蛇當寵物，不過當蟒蛇越來越大，主人就將牠們丟進公園裡棄養，越來越多的蟒蛇到處流竄，成為佛州另類的治安危機。
大蟒蛇張開血盆大口，猛力一咬，這樣的驚恐畫面，已經成為美國佛州居民的恐懼。美國參議員：「牠對著女童的頭，接著把身體捲起來，勒死了她。」
這個月初，一名2歲女童就被蟒蛇活活纏死，從1980年以來，已經有20個人命喪蟒蛇之口，這種來自緬甸的大蟒蛇，可以長到8公尺長、90公斤重，美國佛州許多民眾，喜歡把養緬甸巨蟒當寵物，不過當蟒蛇太過巨大、難以飼養後，就丟進大沼澤國家公園，四處流竄的蟒蛇，成為佛州人的惡夢。佛州員警：「當牠頭對著我時，一點也不好玩。」
圖 / 文：Funny
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2009/07/09 11:52:00
helicopter( 油雞 )
其實目前網路上寵物相關網站還真不少
不過大多是賣東西不然就是買賣寵物
可以討論交流經驗的地方還真少
很開心看見有這一塊原地的出現
不過功能看來好多
新手上路的指引似乎不夠??
胡亂幾字~我也要來徵文啦XD
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2009/07/09 10:02:00
helicopter( 油雞 )
Spiders are small, eight-legged creatures that are best
knownforspinning silk webs. Spiders spin webs so they can catch
insectsfortheir food and even larger and stronger insects cannot
escape.
All spiders spin silk but some don't spin
webs.Bolasspiders spin a single line with a sticky end. Any insect
near,getstrapped when the spider swings the sticky line near
them.
All spiders have fangs and most kinds
havepoisonglands. They use their fangs and poison glands to
capturetheirfood. A spider's bite can kill insects and other
smallanimals. Afew kinds of spiders are harmful to human beings.
InNorth America,six kinds of spiders harm people, they are -
theBrown Recluse,Sac, Black Widow, Brown Widow, Red-legged Widow
andthe VariedWidow. Four of the Widow females are known to
bitehumans. Thebites of these six spiders often cause mild
reactions.Usually aperson irritates a spider several times for it
to biteyou. InAustralia, the most dangerous spider is the
Funnel-Web withtheRed-back, a type of Black Widow spider, also
beingdangerous.
Spiders are helpful to people because
theyeatharmful insects. They eat grasshoppers and locusts
whichdestroycrops. Spiders also eat flies and mosquitoes which
carrydiseases.Spiders feed mostly on insects but some capture and
eattadpoles,small frogs, small fish and mice. Most females are
largerandstronger than the males and occasionally they eat
males.Spiderscan live anywhere they can find food like fields,
woods,swamps,caves and deserts. One kind of spider spends most of
itslifeunderwater. Another kind lives near the top of Mount
Everest,theworld's highest mountain. Some live in houses, barns,
andotherbuildings. Others live on the outside of buildings,
onwalls,windscreens and corners of doors and windows.
The life span of arachnids in temperate areas
isasingle season, therefore they rely on eggs to
perpetuatethespecies from year to year. In warm regions, certain
groups(somescorpions and tarantulas) appear to live more than a
singleyear,in fact some tarantulas in captivity have survived for
as longas20 years.
There are more than 30,000 kinds of spiders.
Scientistsbelievethere may be up to 50,000 to 100,000 kinds. Some
aresmaller thanthan the head of a pin but some are larger than
aperson's hand. Onekind of spider, a South American tarantula
ismeasured at 25centimetres but that is with its legs extended.
Most people think spiders are insects
butscientistsclassify spiders as arachnids. Insects are different
ina number ofways. Spiders have eight legs but ants, bees,
beetlesand otherinsects have only six legs. Most insects have wings
orantennaewhich are feelers. Arachnids include daddy long
legs,scorpions,mites and ticks.
Scientists classify spiders as either truespidersor
Tarantulas, according to certain differences in theirbodiessuch as
the way their fangs point and move. In addition,spiderscan be
grouped according to the way they live. Web spinningspidersspin
webs to catch insects. Others lie and wait for insectstocome.
Spiders'Bodies
Spiders may be alldifferent shapes - shortand
fat, long and thin, round, oblong, orflat and one even lookslike a
stick insect. Their legs can be shortand stubby, or longand thin.
Spiders are most commonly brown, grey,or black but somespecies have
beautiful colours. Many of thesespiders are so smallthat their
colours can be only seen witha microscope.
A spider has no bones and its tough skin serves as aprotectiveouter
skeleton. Hairs, humps, and spines (bristles ofskin) coverthe
bodies of most spiders.
A spider's body has two main sections: the cephalothorax, which consists of the head
joinedtothe thorax (chest); and the abdomen.Each of these sections has parts
attachedto it called appendagesConnecting the the cephalothorax and
theabdomen is a thin waistcalled the pedicel.
Eyes. A spider's eyes are on top and
nearthefront of its head. Different species have different numbers
ofeyesand the size and position also varies. Most species
haveeighteyes, arranged in two rows of four each. Other kinds
havesix,four, or two eyes. Some spiders have can see better
thanothers.Hunting spiders have good eyesight at short distances
andtheireyesight allows them to form images of their prey
andmates.Web-building spiders have poor eyesight and their eyes
areused fordetecting changes in light. Some species of spiders
thatlive incaves or other dark places have no eyes at all.
Mouth. Below the spider's eyes
isitsmouth opening. Spiders eat only liquids because they do
nothavechewing mouth parts. Around the mouth are
variousappendageswhich form a short "straw" through which the
spider sucksthe bodyfluid of its victim.
The spider can only eat some of the solid tissue of itspreyby
predigesting it. The spider sprays digestive juices onthetissue and
the powerful juices dissolve the tissue. Alargetarantula can
reduce a mouse to a small pile of hair and bonesinabout 36 hours by
predigestion and sucking.
Chelicerae are a pair ofappendagesthat
the spider uses to seize and kill its prey. Thechelicerae areabove
the mouth opening and just below the spider'seyes. At theend of
each chelicera is a hard, hollow, pointed claw,and theseclaws are
the spider's fangs. An opening in the tip of thefangconnects with
the poison glands so that when a spider bitesaninsect with its
chelicerae, poison flows from the fangs intothewound and paralyses
or kills its prey.
In true spiders, the fangs pointcrosswise,and
the poison glands extend back into the cephalothorax.The fangsof
tarantulas point straight down from the head, and thepoisonglands
are in the chelicerae. Spiders also crush their preywiththeir
chelicerae. Some species use their chelicerae to digburrowsin the
ground as nests.
Pedipalpi are a pair of
appendagesthatlook like small legs. One pedipalp is attached to
each side ofthespider's mouth, and they form the sides of the
mouth. Eachpedipalphas six parts. In most kinds of spiders, the
part closestto thebody has a sharp plate with jagged edges. The
spider usesthis plateto cut and crush its food. In adult male
spiders, thelast part ofeach pedipalp has a reproductive organ.
Legs. A spider has four pairs
oflegs,which are attached to its cephalothorax and each leg
hassevensegments. In most kinds of spiders, the tip of the
lastsegment hastwo or three claws. Surrounding the claws is a pad
ofhairs calledthe scopula. The scopula sticks to smooth surfaces
andhelps thespider walk on ceilings and walls.
Sensitivebristles thatserve as organs of touch and perhaps organs
of smellalso covereach leg. Some bristles pick up vibrations from
theground or air,or the spider's leg while others detect chemicals
intheenvironment.
When a spider walks, the first and third leg on one side of
itsbodymove with the second and fourth leg on the other side.
Musclesinthe legs make the legs bend at the joints but spiders
havenomuscles to extend their legs so it is the pressure of the
bloodintheir bodies that makes their legs extend. If a spider's
bodydoesnot contain enough fluids, its blood pressure drops, the
legsdrawup under the body, and the animal cannot walk.
Spinnerets are short,
fingerlikeorganswith which the spider spins silk. They are attached
to therear ofthe abdomen. Most kinds of spiders have six
spinnerets, butsome mayhave four or two. The tip of a spinneret is
called thespinningfield and the surface of each spinning field is
covered byas manyas a hundred spinning tubes. Liquid silk flows
throughthese tubesfrom silk glands in the spider's abdomen to the
outsideof its bodyand the silk then hardens into a thread.
Respiratory system. Spiders as
agrouphave two kinds of breathing organs - tracheae and booklungs. Tracheaeare found inalmost all kinds of true
spiders and they are smalltubes whichcarry air directly to the body
tissues. In frontof thespinnerets in most kinds of true
spiders is an opening calledthespiracle and air enters thetubesthrough these
openings.
Book lungs are in cavities
inthespider's abdomen and air enters the cavities through a tiny
slitoneach side and near the front of the abdomen. Each lung
consistsof15 or more thin, flat folds of tissue arranged like the
pages ofabook. The sheets of tissue contain many blood vessels.
Asaircirculates between the sheets, oxygen passes into
theblood.Tarantulas have two pairs of book lungs. Most true
spidershave onepair.
Circulatory system. The bloodofspiders
contains many pale blood cells and is slightly bluishincolour. The
heart, is a long, slender tube in the abdomen,andpumps the blood to
all parts of the body. The blood returns totheheart through open
passages instead of closed tubes, such asthoseof the human body. If
the spider's skin is broken, thebloodquickly drains from its body.
Digestive system. A
digestivetubeextends the length of the spider's body. In the
cephalothorax,thetube is larger and forms a sucking stomach. When
thestomach'spowerful muscles contract, the size of the
stomachincreases. Thiscauses a strong sucking action that pulls the
foodthrough thestomach into the intestine. Juices in the digestive
tubebreak theliquid food into particles small enough to pass
throughthe wallsof the intestine into the blood. The food is
thendistributed toall parts of the body. Food is also pulled
throughthe stomach intoa fingerlike cavity called the caeca.Because spiders can store food in the
caeca,they can go for longperiods of time without eating.
Nervous system.
Inthecephalothorax is the central nervous system including
thebrain,which is connected to a large group of nerve cells
calledtheganglion. Nerve fibres from
thebrainand ganglion run throughout a spider's body. The nerve
fibrescarryinformation to the brain from sense organs on the head,
legs,andother parts of the body. The brain can also send
signalsthroughthe nerve fibres to control the activities of
thebody.
The spider's silk
Making silk:
Spider silk is made up of protein and forms in the
spider'ssilkglands. As a group, spiders have seven kinds of
silkglands.However, no species of spider has all seven kinds.
Allspiders haveat least three kinds of silk glands, and most
specieshave five.Each kind of gland produces a different type of
silk.Some silkglands produce a liquid silk that becomes dry outside
thebody.Other glands produce a sticky silk that stays sticky.
Spidersilkcannot be dissolved in water and is the strongest
naturalfibreknown.
The spinnerets, which spin the silk, work like the fingers ofahand.
A spider can stretch out each spinneret, pull it back in,andeven
squeeze them all together. A spider can usedifferentspinnerets to
combine silk from different silk glands andproduce avery thin
thread or a thick, wide band. Some spiders alsocan makea sticky
thread that looks like a beaded necklace. To dothis, thespider
pulls out a dry thread that is heavily coated withstickysilk. It
then lets go of the thread with a snap. This actioncausesthe liquid
silk to form a series of tiny beads along thethread. Aspider uses
beaded threads in its web to help trap jumpingorflying insects.
Some kinds of spiders have another spinning organ
calledthecribellum. It is an oval
platethatlies almost flat against the abdomen, in front of
thespinnerets.Hundreds of spinning tubes cover the spinning field
ofthecribellum. These tubes produce extremely thin threads
ofstickysilk.
Spiders with a cribellum also have a special row of
curvedhairscalled a calamistrum on
theirhindlegs. Spiders use the calamistrum to comb together dry
silkfromthe spinnerets and sticky silk from the cribellum.
Thiscombinationof threads forms a flat, ribbonlike silk
structurecalled a hackledband. Spiders use hackled bands in their
webs,along with the othersilk that they spin.
How spiders use silk:
Spiders, including those that do not spin webs, depend on silk
insomany ways that they could not live without it. Wherever
aspidergoes, it spins a silk thread behind itself. This thread
iscalled adragline. The dragline
issometimescalled the spider's "lifeline" because the animal
oftenuses it toescape from enemies. If danger threatens a spider in
itsweb, itcan drop from the web on its dragline and hide in the
grass.Or thespider can simply hang in the air until the danger
haspassed. Thenit climbs back up the dragline into its web.
Huntingspiders usetheir draglines to swing down to the ground from
highplaces.Spiders also use silk to spin tiny masses of sticky
threadscalledattachment discs. They use the attachment discs to
anchortheirdraglines and webs to various surfaces.
Many kinds of spiders build silk nests as their homes.
Somespidersline a folded leaf with silk to make a nest. Others
digburrows inthe ground and line them with silk. Still other
spidersbuild nestsin the centre of their webs. Many web-spinning
spidersspin stickybands or wide sheets of silk while capturing
their prey.The orbweavers wrap their victims in sheets like mummies
so theycannotescape. The female spider of most species encloses her
eggsin anegg sac. This sac is a bag made of a special kind ofsilk.
Types of Spiders
Hunting spiders
Hunting spiders creep up on their prey or lie in wait and
pounceonit. Some kinds of hunters, including jumping spiders
andwolfspiders, have large eyes and can see their prey from
adistance.But other hunters, such as water spiders, tarantulas,
andcrabspiders, have small eyes. The powerful chelicerae
ofhuntingspiders help them overpower their victims. Some
huntingspidersspin simple webs that stretch out along the ground
andstopinsects. These spiders are grouped as hunters because
theyrunafter the insects that land in their webs. These spiders
areallhunting spiders:
Jumping spiders creep up and pounce on
theirprey.These spiders have short legs, but they can jump more
than 40timesthe length of their bodies. Jumping spiders are the
mostcolourfulof all spiders. Many thick, coloured hairs cover
theirbodies. Mostmale jumping spiders have bunches of brightly
colouredhairs ontheir first pair of legs.
Water spiders are the only
spidersthatlive most of their life underwater. The water
spiderbreathesunderwater from air bubbles that it holds close to
itsbody. Itsunderwater nest is a silk web shaped like a small
bell.The spiderfills the web with air bubbles, which gradually push
allthe waterout of the bell. The animal can live on this air
forseveralmonths. Water spiders are found only in Europe and
partsofAsia.
Tarantulas
aretheworld's largest spiders. The biggest ones live in
theSouthAmerican jungles. Great numbers of tarantulas also are
foundin thesouthwestern United States. Many kinds of tarantulas
digburrows asnests. The trap-door spider covers the entrance to
itsburrow witha lid. A California tarantula builds a turret
(smalltower) ofgrass and twigs at the entrance to its burrow. This
spiderthensits on the tower and watches for insects moving in
thenearbygrass. A few kinds of tarantulas live in trees.
Fisher spiders live near water
andhuntwater insects, small fish, and tadpoles. These spiders
havelargebodies and long, thin legs. But because of their
lightweight, theycan walk on the water without sinking. These
spidersalso can diveunderwater for short periods of time. Some
fisherspiders are callednursery-web weavers because the female
builds aspecial web for heryoung.
Crab spiders have short, wide bodies
andlooklike small crabs. They can walk backwards and sideways
aseasily ascrabs do. Some brightly coloured crab spiders hide
inflowers andcapture bees and butterflies. A few kinds of
crabspiders candisguise themselves by changing the colour of
theirbodies to matchthe colour of the flower blossom.
Wolf spiders are very common
andareexcellent hunters. Many kinds have large, hairy bodies,
andrunswiftly in search of food. Others look and act like other
typesofspiders. For example, some wolf spiders make their homes
nearwaterand resemble fisher spiders in appearance and habits.
Otherslivein burrows, or spin funnel-shaped webs.
Web-spinningspiders
Web-spinning spiders, like hunting spiders, live in caves,
ingrassor shrubs, or in trees. They cannot catch food by
huntingbecauseof their poor vision. Instead, they spin webs to
trapinsects. Aweb-spinning spider does not become caught in its
ownweb. Whenwalking across the web, it grasps the silk lines with
aspecialhooked claw on each foot. These spiders are
allweb-spinningspiders:
Tangled-web weavers spin a
webthatconsists of a jumble of threads attached to a support, such
asthecorner of a ceiling.
The cellar spiders spin tangled webs in dark,emptyparts
of buildings. One cellar spider that looks like adaddylonglegs has
thin legs more than 5 centimetres long.
The comb-footed spiders spin
atangledweb with a tightly woven sheet of silk in the middle.
Thesheetserves as an insect trap and as the spider's hideout.
Thesespidersget their name from the comb of hairs on their fourth
pairof legs.They use the comb to throw liquid silk over an insect
andtrap it.The black widow and the Australian redback spider
arebothcomb-footed spiders.
Some spiders spin a tangled web containing a hackled band of
dryandsticky silk. The ogre-facedstickspider spins a web that is made up
largely of hackledbands.The web is only about as large as a postage
stamp. Thisspiderspins a structure of dry silk to hold the sticky
web inplace. Thespider hangs upside down from the dry silk. It
holds thesticky webwith its four front legs. When an insect crawls
or fliesnear, thespider stretches the sticky web to several times
itsnormal sizeand sweeps it over the insect.
Funnel-web spiders live in
largewebsthat they spin in tall grass or under rocks or logs. The
bottomofthe web is shaped like a funnel and serves as the
spider'shidingplace. The top part of the web forms a large sheet of
silkspreadout over grass or soil. When an insect lands on the
sheet,thespider runs out of the funnel and pounces on the victim.
Sheet-web weavers weave flat
sheetsofsilk between blades of grass or branches of shrubs or
trees.Thesespiders also spin a net of crisscrossed threads above
thesheetweb. When a flying insect hits the net, it bounces into
thesheetweb. Often, an insect will fly directly into the sheet
web.Thespider, which hangs beneath the web, quickly runs to the
insectandpulls it through the webbing. Sheet webs last a long
timebecausethe spider repairs any damaged parts. Dwarfspiders, which are less than 1.3
millimetreslong, spinsmall, square sheet webs near rivers and
lakes.
Whip or tailed spiders liveinSoutheast
Asia and Australia. They have long, thin,tubelikebodies, 2 to 4
centimetres long. At night the whip spiderlets outa few long, thin
strands of silk. It then waits foritsprey--mainly smaller
spiders--to use these silklines as"guideropes." When the
unsuspecting small spider climbs up such aropethe whip spider
snares it by wrapping it in a broad bandofsilk.
Orb weavers build the mostbeautifuland
complicated of all webs. They weave their round websin openareas,
often between tree branches or flower stems. Threadsof drysilk
extend from an orb web's centre like the spokes of awheel.Coiling
lines of sticky silk connect the spokes, and serve asaninsect trap.
Some orb weavers lie in wait for their prey in the centre oftheweb.
Others attach a signal thread to the centre of the web.Thespider
hides in its nest near the web, and holds on to thesignalthread.
When an insect lands in the web, the thread vibrates.Thespider
darts out and captures the insect. Many orb weavers spinanew web
every night. It takes them about an hour. Suchspidersoften eat
their old webs to conserve silk. Other orb weaversrepairor replace
any damaged parts of their webs.
Bolus or angling spiders are classed as
orbweavers,but they catch flying insects by swinging a silk line
witha stickyglobule at one end. Some bolus spiders are thought to
giveoff ascent that attracts male moths. Anglingspiders have large, cream-coloured
bodieswith pink, yellow,and brown markings. The magnificentspider of Australia is a type of
bolusspider.
The life of a spider
Each species of spider lives a different life. Many kinds
ofspiderslive for only about a year. Large wolf spiders live
severalyearsand some female tarantulas have lived for up to 20
yearsincaptivity. Spiders become adults at different times of
theyear.Some mature in the autumn, and then mate and die during
thewinter.Others live through the winter, mate in the spring,
andthendie.
Courtship and mating.
As soon as a male spider matures, it seeks a mate. The
femalespidermay mistake the male for prey and eat him, but most
malespidersperform courtship activities that identify themselves
andattractthe females. The male of some species vibrates the
threadsof thefemale's web. Some male hunting spiders wave their
legs andbodiesin an unusual courtship dance. Male jumping spiders
use thecolouredhairs on their legs to signal females. Male nursery
webspiderspresent the female with a captured fly before mating.
Before mating, the male spider spins a silk platform called
aspermweb. He deposits a drop of sperm from his abdomen
ontotheplatform. Then he fills each of his pedipalpi with sperm.
Heusesthe pedipalpi to transfer the sperm to females during
mating.Aftermating, the female stores the sperm in her body. When
she layshereggs, several weeks or even months later, the eggs
arefertilizedby the sperm. Usually, the female does not eat the
maleaftermating as is commonly believed. Females can continue to
layeggsfor many months after mating because of the stored sperm.
Eggs.
Thenumberof eggs that a spider lays at one time
varies with the sizeof theanimal. An average sized female lays
about 100 eggs but someof thelargest spiders lay more than 2,000
eggs. In most species,themother spider encloses the eggs in a
silken egg sac. The sacofeach species differs in size and shape. In
many species, themotherdies soon after making the egg sac. In other
species, shestayswith the eggs until they hatch. Some spiders hang
the sac in aweb.Others attach the sac to leaves or plants. Still
others carryitwith them. The female wolf spider attaches the sac
toherspinnerets, and drags it behind her and then
carriesthespiderlings on her back after they have hatched.
Spiderlings hatch inside the egg sac and remain there
untilwarmweather arrives. If the eggs are laid in autumn,
thespiderlingsstay quietly inside their egg sac until spring.
Afterleaving theegg sac, the spiderlings immediately
beginspinningdraglines.
Many spiderlings travel to other areas. To do this,
aspiderlingclimbs to the top of a fence post or some other
tallobject andtilts its spinnerets up into the air. The moving
airpulls silkthreads out of the spinnerets. Then the wind catches
thethreadsand carries the spiderling into the air. This unusual
wayoftravelling is called ballooning. A spider may travel
agreatdistance by ballooning. Sailors more than 300 kilometres
fromlandhave seen ballooning spiders.
Spiderlings moult (shed their outer skin) several times
whiletheyare growing. A new, larger skin replaces the skin that
hasgrowntoo tight. Most kinds of spiders moult from five to
ninetimesbefore they reach adulthood. Tarantulas moult more
than20times.
Spiders have many enemies including snakes, frogs,
toads,lizards,birds, fish, and other animals that also eat insects.
Evensomeinsects eat spiders like the wasp which is one of
thespider'sworst enemies. One group of spiders called
piratespiderseats nothing but other spiders.
Researched by Stacey (reference source
"WorldBookEncyclopaedia")
-
2009/07/08 14:11:00
news( YOMO新聞台 )
夏日炎炎，尤其午後雷陣雨之後，在郊野間的蛇類便經常開始出沒；日前耳聞朋友的狗兒遭毒蛇咬傷，血清卻未能在黃金搶救時間內送達。
不管是人還是動物，被毒蛇咬傷都是一件立即危險生命的事情，但多數人卻對急救知識以及預防方法不甚瞭解，就此為您整理。
由於免疫學、毒理學之進步及臨床上觀察所得，過去許多被毒蛇咬傷的急救方法都受到質疑。1991年時世界毒素學大會在新加坡舉行，英國醫生Dr.Warrell針對全球性毒蛇咬傷的問題作了精彩回顧與討論。其中有關咬傷後之緊急處理方式，他只推薦『繃帶壓迫包紮及固定法』，可以有效應用在神經性毒蛇咬傷。從澳洲的動物實驗及臨床個案的探討，謹慎且迅速地使用彈性繃帶壓迫包紮及固定，目前是最有效可減緩各種蛇毒的吸收及毒性的產生，爭取醫療時機。
急救注意事項：
1. 在無法或未鑑定為有毒或無毒的情況下，一律以有毒毒蛇咬傷的狀況進行急救處理。
2. 認清蛇的形狀、顏色及其他可能的特徵。請參考前頁之圖片。
3.根據統計超過百分之九十六的蛇咬傷部位都在四肢（上肢稍多於下肢）台灣的毒蛇咬傷大多患肢會腫脹，因此請儘速除去手上束縛物。例如戒指、手鐲等。
4. 患者宜保持鎮靜，或給予患者精神支持，並讓患肢保持靜止，請勿隨意移動。
5.儘速以彈性繃帶緊緊包紮患肢，包紮範圍越大越好。如無彈性繃帶時，絲襪、褲襪亦可應用，再利用木板或樹枝等物做成夾板，以固定患肢。
6. 儘速送醫接受診治或抗蛇毒血清治療。
遠離醫療機構時之處置建議：
1.主要指在偏遠的深山裡活動的人，在被咬傷後到最近的醫療場所可能需好幾天，無線電通訊設備加上空中救護系統，可能是最直接的救護方式。
2. 前述彈性繃帶包紮固定法可提供幾個小時的緩衝期，減緩毒性的發作。
3.若無良好的救護系統（無線電等）而必須進出毒蛇出沒地區，自行攜帶該地區常見毒蛇的數種抗蛇毒血清上山較為妥當。當發生蛇咬傷後，先依上述步驟處理，取出專一的血清稀釋後，以每2-3西西的量分別注射於四肢近端肌肉中，將一瓶血清全部注射完，約一小時後拆掉繃帶，然後儘速下山就醫。
其他部位咬傷之緊急處理：
1. 身體軀幹咬傷：儘可能給予彈性繃帶包紮，但注意勿壓迫到胸廓的呼吸運動。
2. 頭頸部咬傷：頭部可嘗試包紮壓迫，但頸部則不可，此時只有儘速送醫。
如何避免蛇咬傷：
1. 勿輕易嘗試去抓蛇或逗玩。
2. 在毒蛇出沒地區活動，宜穿著皮靴或厚長褲，勿赤腳或僅穿拖鞋。
3. 在未經詳細診視之前，勿空手伸入中空的原木或濃密的雜草堆中或翻動石塊。
4. 跨過石塊或木頭等物，應注意防備另一側可能有毒蛇棲息。
5. 露營時應選擇空曠而乾燥地區，避免紮營於雜物堆附近，晚上應升起營火或火炬於營帳周圍，尤其是夏天的夜晚。
6. 在毒蛇常出沒的地區勿涉水或游泳，因為大部份毒蛇皆是游泳高手，水中可能潛有毒蛇。
注意：
正確包紮後，患肢會較舒服，如此包紮可以持續好幾個小時，到達醫院之前繃帶不要拆掉，抵達醫院之後要儘快決定何時拆掉，不要留著太久。一般在抗蛇毒血清準備給予時，或者在醫師必須檢視傷口的情況下，即可拆掉彈性繃帶。
台灣的抗蛇毒血清：
在醫院就醫主要就是針對毒蛇種類給予抗蛇毒血清，目前預防醫學研究所所製作的抗蛇毒血清有二類，一般的醫院診所可能都備有。
1. 單價的抗百步蛇蛇毒血清。
2. 多價的抗出血性（對抗龜殼花、赤尾鮐）、抗神經性（對抗飯匙倩、雨傘節）蛇毒血清。
3.另有一種多價(6價）血清未上市，內含抗鎖蛇及其他五種常見毒蛇的抗蛇毒血清，必要時可洽本中心預防醫學研究所生物製劑製造組，電話：(02)785-0513或785-7559
本資料由：行政院農業委員會特有生物研究保育中心提供
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2006/07/25 15:28:00
a10011001( MTF )
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